Charles Seely (1803–1887) was a towering figure in Lincoln’s 19th-century history—an innovator, entrepreneur, and reformist politician whose legacy spans industry, civic leadership, and international diplomacy. From pioneering steam-powered milling to hosting Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, Seely’s life was a remarkable blend of local impact and global intrigue.
Early Life & Family Foundations
Born in Lincoln in 1803, Charles Seely was the son of Charles Seely Sr., a bread baker, and Ann Wilkinson. His father died in 1809 at the age of 41, leaving Ann to raise the family alone. In 1824, she made a bold and visionary move—purchasing land between Lincoln High Street and the River Witham, where she built a striking five-sail windmill This landmark not only symbolised entrepreneurial spirit but also laid the foundation for the Seely family's industrial future.
Industrial Innovation: Lincoln’s First Steam-Powered Mill
Seely began his career as a miller, operating at St Peter in Eastgate and on the High Street, including a partnership with John Coupland. But his most transformative achievement came in 1836, when he joined forces with Thomas Michael Keyworth to establish Lincoln’s first steam-powered mill—a revolutionary step that modernised local grain production and set the stage for industrial growth.
His business acumen extended further: Seely became an early investor in Clayton Shuttleworth & Company, a firm that would become a powerhouse in agricultural engineering, producing threshing machines, steam engines, and more.
Civic Leadership & Political Ambition
Seely’s influence wasn’t confined to industry. In 1841, he was elected Mayor of Lincoln, and in 1847, he won a seat as MP for Lincoln. However, his first term in Parliament was short-lived—his election was declared void in 1848 due to irregularities involving bribery and payment of travel expenses for non-resident electors.
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| Charles Seely, Vanity Fair, 21st December 1878 |
Despite this setback, Seely’s political career rebounded. He was re-elected in 1861 and served until 1885, earning a reputation as a radical Liberal MP who championed reform and challenged government spending. His resilience and progressive ideals made him a respected figure in Victorian politics.
Hosting Garibaldi: A Moment of International Fame
One of the most fascinating chapters in Seely’s life came in April 1864, when he hosted Giuseppe Garibaldi, the famed Italian revolutionary, during his third visit to Britain. Garibaldi arrived in Southampton to a hero’s welcome, mobbed by supporters, and was swiftly taken to Brook House on the Isle of Wight—Seely’s private residence.
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| Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1861 |
During his stay, Garibaldi met Alfred Lord Tennyson and charmed Seely’s wife, Mary, who reportedly wrote him romantic letters. After eight days, Garibaldi travelled to London, where he was greeted by an estimated half a million admirers. He stayed at Seely’s London home, where a grand reception was held on April 19.
The Garibaldi Biscuit: A Sweet Tribute
Garibaldi’s popularity in Britain even inspired a culinary creation—the Garibaldi biscuit, affectionately known as the “Squashed-Fly Biscuit.” In 1861, James Peek, a tea merchant, partnered with his brother-in-law George Frean, a miller, to form Peek, Frean & Co. in Bermondsey. Their company initially supplied hard tack to the Royal Navy.
To expand their range, Frean recruited his schoolfriend Jonathan Carr, of the famous Scottish biscuit-making family. Carr’s greatest achievement during his time at Peek, Frean was the invention of the Garibaldi biscuit, a tribute to the Italian hero’s enduring appeal.
Final Years & Legacy
Charles Seely died in 1887 at his home on the Isle of Wight, leaving behind a legacy of industrial innovation, political reform, and international influence. His contributions to Lincoln’s development and his role in Victorian society continue to inspire historians, heritage enthusiasts, and local residents alike.
