Lincoln Companies - Fambrini & Daniels

 This unusual building stands on Canwick Road.

Joseph Fambrini, born in Italy in 1815, was a plaster manufacturer and landlord at the Packet Inn on Waterside North.  He later moved to the Crown & Cushion (The Pelham Bridge in the image below) on Melville Street.

Fambrini produced artificial stone and moulded it to customer requirements.  Fambrini and Joseph Daniels, his grandson, became partners in Fambrini & Daniels.  They produced decorative artificial stone mouldings, they were listed in street directories as artificial stone manufacturers and architectural modellers.

Fambrini produced artificial stone and moulded it to customer requirements.  Fambrini and Joseph Daniels, his grandson, became partners in Fambrini & Daniels.  They produced decorative artificial stone mouldings, they were listed in street directories as artificial stone manufacturers and architectural modellers.

Florence Villa later Villa Firenze

Fambrini no doubt benefited from the rapid growth of Lincoln housing in the latter half of the 19th century as he had a large house built on the corner of  Monks Road and Baggholme Road in 1876, naturally artificial stone was used to decorate it. It was named Florence Villa (Florence may be where he was born).  Fambrini resigned from the partnership in 1889 and Daniels continued trading as Fambrini & Daniels.  Fabrini died in 1890 and his house was renamed Villa Firenze.

In 1899 Joseph Daniels commissioned William Mortimer to design an office & showroom (top picture) for Fambrini & Daniels.  It was designed to exhibit many of the companies products.  The building is Grade II listed.  The eaves cornice has decorative corbels and banding, with above in parapet a projecting panel decorated with pendant flag and wreath. Rainwater heads in
form of monstrous heads. Side entrance facade has similar elaborate architectural detail. Topped with panel bearing Lincoln City coat of arms surmounted by segmental pediment
bearing date 1889.

The business was taken over by Lindum Stone Company about 1913.

Over 100 more posts @  https://itsaboutlincoln.blogspot.com/p/index-to-blogposts.html

Lincoln's Gates

 

Lincoln's Gates

In the medieval age Lincoln had more gates than many other towns or cities of a similar size.

Newport Arch (Porta Principalis Sinistra)

Newport Arch by Skill

Newport Arch was the north gate of the upper Roman town of Lindum Colonia. It is now the only Roman arch in the country still open to traffic. It is the northern entrance to Lincoln’s historic centre that includes most of Roman and Medieval Lincoln.

Built in the 3rd century, Ermine Street passed through it to link Lincoln to another major Roman provincial centre, York. The arch was enlarged when the city became capital of the province Flavie Caesariensis in the 4th century. The remains we see today are of the inner arch and a footway on the east side of the arch, the outer arch was demolished in the late 18th century. The arch was much higher in Roman times, approximately 2.4 metres of it are below today’s ground level. More about the design of the gateway was discovered in 1954 when the north-west bastion, a semi-circular structure, was excavated, the remains of which are still visible. There would have been another bastion on the north-east side of the gateway, the remains of that are now below the adjoining cottage.

Drawing of Newport Arch dated 1784.  The north gate can be seen
through the arch.  On the right is a sign for the Windmill Inn which
dated from 1756

The East Gate

Drawing of the Roman and medieval east gate by Nathan Drake c 1740

The Roman east gate (Porta Praetoria) was re-discovered in about 1730, it had been used as a wall wall between a house and stables. Sadly, it was demolished in 1763 on the orders of Sir Cecil Wray when Eastgate House was extended.

The remains of the Roman East Gate are visible in the grounds of the Lincoln Hotel opposite the north side of the Cathedral Chapter House.

The West Gate

Roman West Gate uncovered, to the right can be seen
the Norman west gate which was reopened in 1993.

The Roman West Gate of the upper city lies below the west wall of the castle. It was discovered in 1836 when the west side of the Castle Dykings were excavated. It was in almost perfect condition but had to be covered up because the weight of the Norman castle wall was causing it to collapse.

The Exchequer Gate

Exchequer Gate by Benjamin Howlett 1836

The Exchequer Gate, at the west front of the Cathedral, was the main entrance to the Cathedral Close. Built mid 14th century. It was originally a double gate with a courtyard between the gates. The western gate had fallen into disrepair and was pulled down in 1800, the stones were used to build the previous St Swithin's Church, a replacement for the church destroyed by the Royalists during the Civil War, ​ The Great Tom Inn was on the southside of the courtyard, the inn closed in 1822.

The South Gate

A Drawing of the Roman South Gate
by Nathan Drake c 1740

The Roman South Gate (Porta Principalis Dextra) stood near the top of Steep Hill. Parts of this gate were still standing in 1788 when Gough visited the city, but the arch was demolished in the early 1700s by a householder on the east side of the gate. According to Thomas Sympson writing in the early 18th century: (the arch was knocked down) "though not without much difficulty, as I have been informed by an eye-witness; for when the workmen, with a great deal of labour and pains, had battered one of the stones in the crown of the arch in pieces, rest being laid without mortar, sunk so equally on both sides that the hung as firm as ever, and their work was to begin anew". The position of the gate is marked by foundation stones on the side of the road

The Old Registry or North Gate of the Close

This double gate stood over the road on the east side of the Cathedral, the south gate on the site of the present Priory Gate the north gate near "The Rest".

​Both gates were pulled down in 1815 and the present Priory Gate was built in 1825.

The Bail Gate
On Steep Hill, near the junction with Michaelgate/Wordsworth Street/Christ's Hospital
Terrace stood the Bail Gate, a medieval arch that was demolished in 1775. Separated the Bail
from the city.  I can not find an image of the gate but it was probably similar to the Newland Gate

White Hart Gate

"A gateway near the White Hart Inn, and another opposite are of a workmanship very different from the rest of the erections on the wall of the Close: they possess little beauty and afford still less interest to the beholder. The appearance of that nearest the White Hart, is little superior to that of a country barn; is entirely without battlements, and the upper part projects considerable over the lower, and is supported by props resembling inverted buttresses." - Adam Stark (1815).

Clax le Gate

Clax le Gate or Clask Gate was situated at the junction of what is now Broadgate and Clasketgate. It is said the Knights Templars were confined there click here to read more. It was pulled down in 1785 when New (Later Lindum) Road was constructed.

Stonebow

The name Stonebow is from the Norse Steinbue meaning stone arch
Many streets that run nearby end in -gate which is Norse for street.

The Stonebow lies at the southern end of the Roman city of Lindum Colonia and stands on the site of the southern gate of the lower Roman town spanning Lincoln’s High Street, known as Ermine Street in Roman times. The Roman gateway existed into the mediaeval period but it was demolished in the 14th Century because it was unsafe.

In 1390 Richard II ordered a new gate be built to replace the demolished one. There were many delays in building the new arch, mainly that Lincoln was no longer the prosperous city it once was and could not afford the expense of a new gateway. The Stonebow, was eventually completed by William Spencer, a freeman of the city, in 1520 and is now a Grade 1 listed building. 

Newland Gate

Newland Gate stood on Newland a little west of Wigford Way, first recorded in 1275. It was the
west entrance of the lower city. A tall building with gables with a pointed archway, above were
arched windows. The gate was added to during the Civil War to defend the city against the
Parliamentarians. Demolished before 1800 because it was causing congestion in that part
of the city.  

Dernstall Lock

Dernstall Lock (sometimes mistakenly referred to as "St Dunstan's Lock") was the lower entrance to the Jews' quarter in mediaeval times. It is not known whether there was a gate, a chain was placed over the road and locked to keep the Jews in there at night.  

Great Bargate
Great Bargate stood on the High Street a few feet north of the Sincil Drain. It was the main
entrance from the south into Lincoln. Removed in the middle of the 18th century.  

​Little Bar Gate
Little Bargate stood east of Great Bar Gate on a bend in the Sincil Drain, it stood over the
route of the Roman Ermine Street.  The gate was removed in the middle of the 18th century
and the bridge removed in 1825. 

​Swine's Gate
Swine's Gate was located south of Great Bar Gate. Here stood the first of the Eleanor Crosses.

A Walk Up Steep Hill

Steep Hill is part of the north-south route that leads from Bargate in the south to Newport in the north. The route was established by the Romans almost 2,000 years ago, Ermine Street, the main route from London, would join the Fosse Way from Leicester and the south-west and leave Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) en route for Barton on Humber and York.

Steep Hill links the lower city to the older, upper city. During the later Middle Ages Steep Hill was an enclave of the Jews. Lincoln had the second larget population of Jews in England after London.

​Three of the oldest domestic buildings in Lincoln are on Steep Hill, two of them, Jews House and Jews Court are known to have belonged to Jews.

Jews House
Jews House is the last house on the Strait, but it is included here. It was built about 1170, like most houses of this age, it had a first floor hall with storage on the ground floor. The first floor window surrounds and decorative features are original although the windows are of more recent date

Originally, the ground floor would not have had windows, but ventilation holes would have been made into the walls. The chimneys on the roof are of more modern date: The house's chimney was built into the front wall over the main entrance, the arch would have had supports.

During the 12th and 13th century Jews throughout England suffered persecution: In Lincoln the Jews were blamed for the death of a Christian boy called Hugh. In 1290 Belasset of Wallingford, a Jew, lived in the house and was hanged in London for the offence of coin clipping.

The house then came into the possession of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln Cathedral.

Most of the alterations to the House took place in the 18th and 19th centuries, the ground floor windows and additional doors were added during this time.

It is believed to be the oldest house still existing in England.

Jews Court
Jews Court stands at the southern, lower, end of Steep Hill. Built in the late 12th century and altered in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
One of the upper rooms, it is thought, was used as a synagogue, but there are many factors which seem to disprove this and the general view is that the synagogue was at the rear of this building or the Jews House. At the 1290 inquest about the expulsion of the Jews it was stated that Jews Court was part of the communal Jewish property.

This area is famous for the story of "Little St Hugh", a Christian child said to have been murdered by Jews in 1255. The story was a fabrication and a plaque was placed in Lincoln Cathedral at the site of Hugh's burial​

"By the remains of the shrine of "Little St. Hugh".
Trumped up stories of "ritual murders" of Christian boys by Jewish communities were common throughout Europe during the Middle Ages and even much later. These fictions cost many innocent Jews their lives. Lincoln had its own legend and the alleged victim was buried in the Cathedral in the year 1255.
Such stories do not redound to the credit of Christendom, and so we pray:
Lord, forgive what we have been, amend what we are, and direct what we shall be"


The Jews' Court was traditionally believed to be the site of the falsified martyrdom of Little Hugh and a well in a corner of the basement was alleged to be the place where the body was concealed. In 1911, Mr Dodgson who then owned Jews Court charged visitors 3d to see the well in the basement of Jews Court, claiming it was the very well Little Hugh had been found in. Plenty of people bought a ticket, but they were duped for not only was there no connection between Jews Court and Little Hugh, but the well had only been dug in 1910 by Harry Staples of Hereward Street, Lincoln, on Mr Dodgson's instructions.

In the late 1920s Lincoln was going through a major slum clearance, Jews Court narrowly escaped demolition, due to the efforts of Lincolnshire Architectural and Archaeological Society (LAAS) who were given the building by Lincoln Corporation on condition it was refurbished.

It is now the home of the Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology where an excellent new and secondhand bookshop can be found.

Well Lane

Well Lane is thought to be the route Roman horse-drawn vehicles would take to reach the upper Roman town.  The tapered square case with cornice cap on the left of the image contains a mid-19th century water pump.

Soon the steepest part of the hill is reached, a handrail is provided to help with the ascent.  

The Mayor's Chair

A Lincoln mayor from a much earlier age provided seating against the wall at the end of this section for the weary walker. A good place to sit to view the lower city, although this view is partially blocked when the tree to the left is in leaf. A new Mayor‘s Chair was installed in 2010.

Harding House
Harding House is a 16th century half-timbered building restored in the second-half of the 20th century.  The home of "Aaron the Jew" was on this site in the 13th century . Aaron was a wealthy money-lender, lending money to kings as well as cathedrals and monasteries.

Today it is an art and craft gallery, run by an artists co-operative.
​
The Ground Floor Gallery features work by members of the co-operative, plus a wide variety of work by other artists and makers from around the country.

The Upper Gallery hosts an exhibition programme in all disciplines.


The Harlequin

the building known as "The Harlequin" is late 15th century, it was altered in the 19th century and restored in the 20th century.  It has more recent refurbishment to preserve the building for many more years.The Harlequin inn opened in the 18th century and was renamed the Harlequin & Columbine* when it became the theatre inn; the theatre was at the far end of Wordsworth Street on Drury Lane. The Inn was closed by the city corporation in 1931 as unsuitable premises for a public house. 

It was a secondhand bookshop for over 50 years until it closed in 2017.

*Harlequin & Columbine are characters in the Mother Goose Pantomime

Bail Gate

the Bail Gate stood on the flat part of Steep Hill above the Harlequin, Click Here to Read More

Norman House

Norman House was once known as “Aaron the Jews House”, but Aaron may have lived in the Bail, above here, or in a house on the site of Harding House, a little further down Steep Hill.

It is a late 12th-century dressed stone and brick house situated on the east side of Steep Hill. It originally had shops on the ground floor and domestic rooms above. It has had a lot of rebuilding over the centuries, restored in 1878 and during the 20th century, but traces remain of the front chimney stack, ornamental string-course and doorway. The building is now home to a bag shop and a tea retailer.

The ground floor has two central entrance doorways, the left door is an 18th century insertion with an attached bow shop window and the right door is round headed with single shafts and crocket capitals under a truncated hood. To the far right is a casement shop window with a wooden pilaster surround and cornice and to the far left is a partially blocked small two light casement window.

Roman South Gate

The Roman South Gate (Porta Principalis Dextra) of the upper town stood near the top of Steep Hill.  Parts of this gate were still standing in 1788 when Gough visited the city, but the arch was demolished in the early 1700s by a householder on the east side of the gate.  According to Thomas Sympson writing in the early 18th century: (the arch was knocked down) "though not without much difficulty, as I have been informed by an eye-witness; for when the workmen, with a great deal of labour and pains, had battered one of the stones in the crown of the arch in pieces, rest being laid without mortar, sunk so equally on both sides that the hung as firm as ever, and their work was to begin anew".  The position of the gate is marked by foundation stones on the side of the road


Brown's Pie Shop

The building now known as "Brown's Pie Shop" was previously the Fox & Hounds inn. 

16th Century building re-fronted in the 18th century and a shopfront added in the 19th century.

In 1827 a horse called Bessy Bedlam won the Lincoln Gold Cup, the inn was renamed in honour of the horse. Sadly, many Lincoln people lost money having backed the horse to win the St Leger. The name reverted to the Fox and Hounds in 1849.


In 2011 Steep Hill won an award as "Britains Best Place", from the Academy of Urbanism.

Lincoln's Royal Bishop

Geoffrey Plantagenet was an illegitimate son of Henry II.  He was born about 1150, before his father married Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Even though he had not taken holy orders he was appointed Archdeacon in 1171, in 1173 he was elected Bishop of Lincoln and his position was confirmed in 1175.

Bishops of the middle ages were often involved in military battles, Geoffrey was no exception, in 1173 and 1174 he led a campaign to put down a rebellion by his legitimate half-brothers in the north of England.  The King's sons we unhappy about the gifting of three castles, in the inheritance of Henry the "Young King", to John, his youngest son, as part of a marriage settlement.  The rebellion which covered an area from southern Scotland to northern France was put down. Henry and his sons were reconciled.  Henry II ordered 10 castles demolished after the rebellion.

Geoffrey was not remarkable in any religious way but he did clear off the bishop's mortgage and add two bells to the Cathedral.  Geoffrey resigned in 1182 to become Archbishop of York and was ordained in 1191 in Tours, France.

He was the only one of Henry II's sons attending when his father died in 1189.

As Archbishop of York he was in constant dispute with his clergy and the king and, following a dispute with King John in 1207 about taxes, he fled to France where he died in 1212.

 

 

Lincoln's Traffic Problems: A Missed Opportunity?

 

Image from Google Earth

Have you ever thought what the name Outer Circle Road means?  .

In October 1917, towards the end of the First World War, the city council discussed the possibility of building a road from Greetwell Road to Wragby Road.  The war over, in December 1920 the Ministry of Transport agreed to contribute half the estimated cost of £14,210. Like many other projects in this country at that time it was seen as way to give work to the vast numbers of unemployed.  The road was completed in 1922

James Hole & Company Ltd of Newark applied in February 1924 to the Licening Justices for a licence for serving intoxication liquor at proposed premises at the junction of Wragby Road and Outer Circle Road - The Bowling Green Hotel.  The Bowling Green opened in July 1926, Ronnie Sewell, former professional footballer for Burnley and Blackburn Rovers, was the first landlord.

With the building of the St Giles' Estate, a new road was built from Wragby Road opposite Outer Circle Road and called Outer Circle Drive; possibly the powers that be decided "Drive" would be more attractive to the people who were being moved from properties in Stamp End and other parts of the city.

Owners and tenants of 208 to 218 Doddington Road were summonsed to court for "failing to abate a nuisance in regard to drainage", the magistrates were not prepared to make an order, they felt it was the corporations responsibility.  Robert Horton, the owner of 216 & 218, produced a plan provided by the corporation in 1929, when the houses were built, the letter accopanying the plan referred to a proposed "Outer Circle Road"; it seems the intention was to continue the road around the north and west of Lincoln and joining with Newark Road at Swanholme.

There were many complaints about the state of footpaths on St Giles, Outer Circle Drive was often covered by mud, it seems the Corporation didn't have the money to complete Outer Circle Road.

Beaumont Fee

In the Middle Ages Lincoln was divided into three districts: the City, the Close, and the Bail.  The Close and the Bail were self-governing, outside the City's jurisdiction.  These areas were managed through local courts. The freemen made the laws and carried them out, the system was democratic as every freeman was expected to involve himself in the running of a district.

There was another district in Lincoln outside the jurisdiction of the City authorities during the middle ages. Prior to the Norman conquest there were a number of former Danelaw divisions of Lincoln that were ruled by the most powerful citizens.  One of these divisions survived the conquest as a self-governing unit, the manor of Hungate.

Edward II granted Hungate to Henry de Beaumont.  A manor house was built on the west side of the road now known as Beaumont Fee and to the south of West Parade.  The house was known as Vesci Hall (Henry's sister, Isabella de Vesci, was granted the manor before Henry, she held it from about 1312 to 1335), the manor became known as "The Liberty of Beaumont Fee", and was the centre of the control of the Beaumont lands in the east of England.  The definition of "fee" in this context is: an inherited or heritable estate in land

The Liberty of Beaumont Fee was held by the Beaumonts for about 200 years, but their lands were confiscated after the Wars of the Roses.  In 1514 these lands were granted to Lord Howard, son of the Duke of Norfolk, for his support at the Battle of Flodden.  The manor was sold by the Norfolk family in 1700.  It was then broken up between different owners and lost its privileges.

Vesci Hall appears to have survived until the 1840s when John Hayward, a chemist, built  Beaumont Manor in the Tudor Revival style. Lincoln Corporation bought it in 1927. 

Beaumont Manor

5 to 15 Beaumont Fee

These fine townhouses on Beaumont Fee, built in 1885, were designed by William Watkins for Charles Knowles Tomlinson (1819-1893).

Charles was a chemist in partnership with Charles Hayward (1836-1880), his brother-in-law at 233 High Street and 6 Bailgate.  Henry Hyett managed the shop in the Bail and took over the business after Charles Hayward's death.  Frederick P Watson who succeeded Henry Hyett at 6 Bailgate lived at 5 Beaumont Fee, the house on the far right of the picture.

Charles Tomlinson was born at Toulston Hall in North Yorkshire and lived across the road at Beaumont Manor.

Tomlinson and Hayward filed a patent in 1865 for a sheep ointment preparation, it is not known how successful it was.

The houses are now offices for various businesses including solicitors and archaeologists.

St Benedict and Old Kate

St Benedict's Church in 1905

A Saxon church existed on the site of St Benedict's church at the time of the Norman conquest, although most of what we see today is of the 13th and 14th centuries. The church was once much grander and larger, a victim of the Civil War, the chancel and north aisle is all that remains, the church was repaired and the tower was reconstructed against the west side of the medieval chancel arch after the Restoration, in a position to the east of the original tower.

Prior to the Civil War St Benedict's was the Lincoln Civic church. Many of Lincoln's churches were damaged or destroyed during the Civil War, only three churches were able to conduct public worship: St Peter at Arches, St Mary le Wigford and St Peter at Gowts.
​
The exterior gives little hint to the grandeur of the church prior to its partial demolition, at one time it was the church of the richest and most important people of the city; many affluent citizens of the parish have monuments within the church. It was rebuilt at a time when Lincoln was in decline and no longer had the benefit of the Wool Staple.

The parishioners of St Benedict's were transferred to the nearby St Peter at Arches church when St Benedict's church was retired as a parish church.

Old Kate
In 1585 the Company of Barber Surgeons gifted a curfew bell to the church, hung in the bell tower, it was rung at 6 a.m. to tell workmen it was time to go to their work and 7 p.m. to tell them to finish their days toil and later in the evening to extinguish their lamps and candles. The bell was known as "Old Kate". It was rung for many years by John Middlebrook, the parish clerk; he lived in a lean-to building attached to the north side of the tower. He died in December 1804 and his wife, Mary, succeeded him as parish clerk and took on the job of ringing Old Kate. It is said she brought the bell rope through belfry door and into her bedroom so that she could ring the bell when in bed. Mary died 7th November 1822 at age 72, old men and boys continued to ring the bell kneeling on her bed. The Corporation paid 6s 8d (33p) a year until 1837. The bell was later hung in the tower of St Marks, I understand it was returned to St Benedict's church in 1971, when St Mark's church was demolished

Potential Demolition
The church was closed in 1931 and demolition was proposed. However, following a public outcry, the church was saved as the result of an appeal led by the Lincoln Architectural and Archaeological Society and renovation work was undertaken. Sadly, the LAAS were not so forthcoming when the much grander St Peter at Arches church was demolished.

St Benedict's Church by Samuel Hieronymous Grimm, 1784

War Memorial

War memorial. 1922. By Montague Hall. Ashlar. Gothic Revival style. Moulded plinth with quatrefoil band. Octagonal base with crocketed gabled diagonal buttresses, with the faces inscribed with names. Panelled octagonal shaft with moulded stepped base, topped with a gabled tabernacle and crucifix.

(Buildings of England : Lincolnshire: Pevsner N: Lincolnshire: London: 1989-: 524).

The Foundation stone was laid by John Harris, J.P.  Dedicated by the Bishop of Lincoln, Edward Hicks, and unveiled by Field Marshal Sir William R Robertson Bart GCB GCMG KCVO DSO on  25th October 1922